فصلنامه فرآیند و کارکرد گیاهی
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 41، فروردین و اردیبهشت 1400)

To investigate the influence of humic acid on the amount of absorption and allocation of elements on different parts of Satureja khuzestanica under salinity stress conditions, a greenhouse experiment was done as factorial based on a randomized complete block design in four replications. Factors included humic acid (zero, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg kg-1 soil), and salinity stress (zero, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM NaCl). It was found that the shoot dry weight was decreased with increasing the intensity of salinity stress; at a level of 100 mM sodium chloride, the average of this trait was reduced by 16%. In contrast, the use of humic acid, particularly 60 mg/kg soil, increased the shoot dry weight by 25% compared to the control. The effect of humic acid, salinity, and their interaction were significant (P≤0.01) on measured characteristics except stem and leaf nitrogen. Results showed that among organs (root, stem and leaf), the highest amount of sodium, potassium, phosphorus, zinc and nitrogen (5064, 9000, 13, 19.92 and 3.91 mg kg-1 dry weight) were observed in leaf in the S1H5, S2H2, S1H4, and S1H5 treatments, respectively. Among different organs, maximum iron content (759.9 mg kg-1 of dry weight) was observed in roots under S2H1. In general, with increasing salinity and decreasing humic acid, the concentration of salts such as sodium increased whereas the concentration of useful and essential elements for the plant decreased. According to the results, it can be stated that probably soil application of humic acid at high amounts (40 and 60 mg/kg soil) can moderate the effects of salinity stress by affecting the nutrient changes of plant organs.

The present study was designed and conducted to investigate the effect of different concentrations of cadmium on some physiological parameters and changes in secondary metabolites in the medicinal plant Mellissa Officinal L. under in vitro culture conditions. For this purpose, first sterile seeds of Mellissa Offcinali L. were sterilized and then cultured in MS medium. Then 28-day-old seedlings were transferred to MS medium containing different concentrations of cadmium nitrate (0,150 and 300 μM) and kept in the culture room under controlled conditions. Also, callus obtained from stem explants were transferred to hormonal medium (0.25 mg L-1 2,4-D and 5 mg L-1 BAP) containing different concentrations of cadmium (0,150 and 300 μM). Four weeks after treatment, photosynthetic pigments and levels of anthocyanin, phenols and flavonoids in seedlings were evaluated. Also, changes in secondary metabolites were investigated through GC-mass analyzes in calluses and seedlings of Mellissa Officinal L. The results showed that increasing the concentration of cadmium nitrate in the medium decreased the amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids and anthocyanin in seedlings. With increasing the amount of cadmium nitrate in the medium, the content of phenols and flavonoids increased significantly. The results of GC-mass showed significant changes in the amount of secondary metabolites and essential oil of Mellissa Officinal L seedlings and calli under cadmium stress. Most changes were found in γ -3-carn, transcarveole, citronlal, citronellol. Citral and β-caryophylline.

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) from the Caryophyllaceae family is a perennial shrub that is grown commercially for two years. This cut flower is non-climacteric and sensitive to vascular blockage. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of geranium, eucalyptus and myrtle essential oils on postharvest life of carnation flower in a completely randomized design with 10 treatments in three levels (values ​​of 2, 6 and 10 ml in 600 ml of distilled water from each essential oil and control. In this experiment, traits such as vase life, water uptake, petal protein content, leaf and petal pigments, stem and solution end bacteria and the activity of some enzymes were measured. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of treatments on all measured traits was significant. Mean comparison of treatments showed that both 2 ml myrtle and eucalyptus treatments induced the highest vase life with 15.73 and 15.13 days, respectively, compared to the control with 9.47 days. The highest content of total chlorophyll (11.39 mg g–1 F.W.) was obtained in cut flowers treated with 2 ml eucalyptus. The 2 ml myrtle treatment increased the absorption of water, carotenoids, proteins and superoxide dismutase activity. Counting the vase solution and stem end bacteria showed that the minimum bacteria colony in vase solution (55.00) and stem end (88.00) was obtained in cut flowers treated with 2 ml eucalyptus. Maximum bacteria colony in vase solution (98.33) and stem end (162.00) was counted in control cut flowers. The 10 ml myrtle treatment is not recommended to increase the vase life of carnation cut flowers.

Among abiotic stresses, soil and water salinity are the major factors affecting agricultural crops growth and productivity worldwide. On the other hand, the scion-rootstock combination and also foliar application of chimical compounds as salicylic acid can affect the nutrient elements content of almond leaf under salinity conditions. Therefore, in this study, the effects of foliar application of salicylic acid at 0, 1 and 2 mM concentrations on the changes of leaf nutrient elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc and iron) of three almond cultivars (Shokoufeh, Sahand, and Touno) grafted on GF677 and GN rootstocks under salinity stress of irrigation water (0, 2, 6 and 8 dS m-1) was evaluated based as factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that salinity stress, especially at the highest concentration (8 dS m-1) significantly enhanced sodium, chlorine, potassium and calcium content and also reduced nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, zinc and iron content in plant leaves. Grafted cultivars on the different rootstocks showed different responses to salinity stress and foliar application of salicylic acid. Generally, GF677 rootstock reduced sodium content and enhanced nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc and iron in the leaves of grafted cultivars. Furthermore, foliar application of salicylic acid significantly reduced leaves sodium content of different almond cultivars. Overall, in this experiment, which was performed under controlled conditions, GF677 rootstock as well as foliar application of salicylic acid was more effective in modifying the adverse effects of salinity than other treatments. Of course, it is necessary to study these treatments in orchard conditions as well.

Nowadays, to ameliorate the effects of environmental stress on agricultural products, the use of biological compounds has drawn much attention. In order to investigate the ameliorating effect of some biological compounds on fluorescence indices, photosynthetic pigments and yield of greenhouse tomatoes under deficit irrigation conditions, a split plot experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design in the research greenhouse of University of Hormozgan. The experimental factors included three irrigation levels (full irrigation as control, moderate and severe deficit irrigation) as the main factor and foliar application of different biological compounds (control, proline, chitosan and N-Succinyl (NSC) and N, O dicarboxymethylate chitosan (NOC)) as a sub-factor. When biological compounds were applied, the amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a/b, and carotenoids content were increased at each irrigation level as compared to the control, so that the highest increases in these traits were observed with NSC. In most cases, under severe deficit irrigation, the use of biological compounds increased the leaf proline content and the highest increase was observed with the foliar application of proline. Under moderate and severe deficit irrigation conditions the highest values of Fv/Fm were obtained with chitosan and NSC, respectively so that these two compounds caused 22.4 and 21.8% increase in Fv/Fm as compared to the control. The highest taste index (1.06) was observed with the use of chitosan in severe deficit irrigation condition due to increasing in fruit TSS and TA contents. Among the biological compounds, NSC and chitosan had the greatest improving effect on the tomato fruit yield. Thus, NSC foliar application increased fruit yield in control, moderate and severe deficit irrigation by 32.5, 91.17 and 24.33%, respectively. Therefore, according to these results, under deficit irrigation conditions, chitosan and its derivatives can reduce the effects of drought stress on tomatoes more efficiently than proline.

Thymus vulgaris L. is one of the most widely used medicinal plants in various industries, and its feasibility is very important in saline lands.To investigate the effect of salt stress on medicinal plant garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) A field experiment in a Block complete random design with three replicates was fitted. Salinity treatments used in this experiment were 1, 4 and 7 DS/m which were applied well water with natural salt for agriculture. In order to avoid the impact of the results of research on the type of salts, water with a salinity of 9 to 10 DS/m of agricultural wells, was moved to the farm. Then water with a salinity of 6 DS/m mixed and desired salinity was ready. Measurements of dry weight of stem and leaves, the amount of sodium and potassium elements, Proline and active constituents were done in the stage before flowering. The results showed that with the increase of salinity up to level 4 DS/m; the dry weight of stem and leaves and amount of proline were increased 27.6 and 68.86 percentages respectively. While the increase of salinity up to level 7 DS/m reduces these 49.53 and 22.86 percentages respectively. With an increase in salinity, the amount of sodium increased while potassium and potassium / sodium ratio showed reduced. Salt stress were increased some of the essential ingredients in the herb garden thyme and some others were reduced by salt stress. Such can be concluded in order to irrigate the plant thyme garden with salty water, the best results in terms of product yields and composition of essential oil in 4 DS/m is obtained.

Terminal drought stress is one of the most important environmental stresses affecting plant morphology and physiology and has major effects on agricultural production. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of water deficit stress on changes in physiological traits of wheat in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two cultivation years of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 at Karaj Nuclear Research Institute Farm. Seven different generations of wheat, including two parents Gasspard and line DN11 along with generations F1, F2, F3, BC1 and BC2 were cultured and compared separately under normal and terminal drought stress conditions. The last irrigation was done under water deficit conditions after anthesis. The results showed that there was significant increase in performance index and significant decrease in single plant yield under stress conditions. For the chlorophyll index and stomatal conductance coefficient traits, the observed decrease in stress conditions were not significant. On the other hand, no significant increase in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters was observed under stress conditions.On the other hand, there was a significant difference between the generations studied for all measured physiological traits (except photosynthetic efficiency), indicating that there was variation among these generations for these traits. This diversity can be addressed in selection programs.

The use of silicon has been considered as an effective strategy in reduce of cd uptake and affecting the oxidative damage caused by cd toxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the presence silicon (0.1 mM/L) and different levels of cadmium (0.10, 50 μmol/L) in wheat plants under hydroponic conditions. The results showed that increasing the concentration of cd increased the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly and reduced MDA compared to plants treated only with cd. The results also showed that cd stress caused significant decrease in superoxide dismotase (SOD), polyphenoloxidase. (POD), and Catalase (CAT) activity in wheat leaves and roots. The results showed that the use of silicon significantly increased the activity of SOD, POD, APX enzymes in both leaves and roots, while it had no effect on CAT activity in leaves, but significantly increased catalase in roots. The results demonstrated that the use of silicon in cd stress conditions improves the damage caused by oxidative stress in the plant.

Biochar is a carbon rich product which created under low Oxygen conditions. In this study the effect of Biochar in three levels 0, 0.5 and 1 weight percentage on morphological traits like height, SLA, aboveground and underground biomass, length and volume of root and physiological characteristics such as chlorophylls, gas exchange and electrolyte leakage for two Bromus tomentellus and Medicago sativa species were investigated. Results showed that biochar increased the height of both B. tomentellus and M. sativa which was higher in 0.5 level than 1 percent. However, there were no differences between control and 1 percent of M. sativa. In both species biochar has no effect on SLA. Biochar had no effects on aboveground and below ground biomass for B. tomentellus and significantly increased below ground biomass and no effect on above ground biomass. Both root length and volume increased by biochar. Biochar had no effect on chlorophylls of B. tomentellus but in level 0.5 lead to increasing of chlorophylls for M. sativa. Gas exchange increased by biochar and electrolyte leakage had no significant effect. In general, increasing biochar level reduced morphological traits and increased physiological traits.

In order to evaluate the foliar application of iron and zinc on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Orlando Tangelo, an experiment was performed on 5-year-old trees in a garden in Manojan city in Kerman province. Experimental factors included zinc and iron each at 3 levels (0, 1 and 2 per thousand). Results showed that the application of iron and zinc significantly increased the flowers and fruits. The highest flowers and fruits were observed in trees treated with iron in combination with zinc (2 per thousand). Application of iron and zinc had no significant effect on fruit size (diameter and length and length to diameter ratio) and juice volume. The fruit weight decreased as a result of fertilizer application. But no significant difference was observed between the control and iron (2 per thousand) in combination with zinc (1,2 per thousand). The highest pulp to peel ratio was obtained in treated tree with 1 per thousand (3.58) and 2 (3.25) per thousand zinc. The lowest TSS / TA ratio (1.34) was observed in fruit treated with iron (2 per thousand). Except for iron (2 per thousand) along and in combination with different concentrations of zinc, other treatments significantly increased the ascorbic acid content. Although application of zinc (1 per thousand) alone and iron (1 per thousand) along and combination with zinc (2 per thousand) increased the total phenol, but did not show a significant difference with the control. The application of all treatments improved the fruit color. The highest a* (more orange color) was observed in iron (1 per thousand) combined with zinc (1 and 2 per thousand). Generally, application of zinc and iron had an effective role in increasing the number of flowers and fruits of Orlando Tangelo and improving some quality characteristics such as increasing the ratio of pulp to peel and ascorbic acid of the fruit.

Iran, is classified as arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Therefore, it is important to identify and planting of drought tolerant plants such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Zinc is involved in vital processes of the plant therefore; the supply of this element to the plant has a major impact on the quantity and quality of production. This study was conducted as a pot experiment to investigate the effect of zinc sulfate on quinoa under drought stress in a factorial randomized complete design with three replications. Drought stress was prepared with PEG 6000 at four levels (0, -3, -6 and -9 bar) and zinc element from zinc sulfate source with four levels (2 (control), 4, 6, and 8 μM) and in the four-leaf stage, the treatments were applied simultaneously to Hoglandchr('39')s nutrient solution for two weeks. According to the results, an increase in drought stress caused a 68% increase in catalase compared to the control. Maximum leaf soluble protein at -6 bar level with 8 μM zinc sulfate level, highest total soluble sugars and leaf proline at the highest level of drought and 6 μM zinc sulfate were observed. With increasing drought, chlorophyll a (34%), chlorophyll b (187%) and leaf carotenoid increased two-fold but decreased shoot dry weight (38%) and leaf area (37%) compared to control. In general, the use of zinc reduced the damage caused by drought stress by improving the level of osmolytics, and to alleviate the effect of drought stress, the use of 6 μM zinc sulfate in nutrient solutions is recommended.

Arsenic (As) stress, through the creation of oxidative stress, can cause phytotoxicity (e.g. The decrease of growth and chlorophyll content) in plants. Nitric oxide (NO), by promotion of the antioxidant system, plays an important role in reducing heavy metal-induced oxidative stress. In this study, the role of exogenously applied sodium nitroprusside (SNP; a NO donor) on physiological responses and antioxidant enzymes activity of Isatis cappadocica were investigated to high levels of As. The results showed that, in the highest level of As, the oxidative damages increased and plant growth was reduced, while SNP alleviated these inhibitory effects. The maximum activity of antioxidant enzymes was observed at 1000 μM As treatment, in the presence of SNP. These results showed that the application of SNP, which is an activator of antioxidant enzymes, may play a compensatory role against As stress. In addition, the application of SNP can increase the antioxidant capacity of I. cappadocica against stress conditions. On the other side, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) were decreased at 1500 As treatment, where showed that Isatis possess low potential to suppress oxidative stress. Unlike other antioxidant enzymes, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity under1500 As treatment has not only been reduced, but also increased. These results suggest that GST activity can play an important role in reducing the toxicity of high levels of As in I. cappadocica.

In order to investigate the effect of drought stress on physiological responses of Alcea rosea plant in greenhouse at two growth stages, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. The experiment factors included two ecotypes (Mashhad and Tehran), five moisture levels (80 (control), 70, 60, 50 and 40% Field Capacity) at two growth stages (seedling and elongation stem). After applying drought stress at two growth stages, SPAD, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, proline, malondialdehyde, enzymes activity of leaf and total dry weight were measured. The highest relative content of leaf water (88.2%), total dry weight (36 g), and the lowest electrolyte leakage (6.23%) were recorded in Mashhad ecotype under 80% FC treatment at stage of stem elongation. In both ecotype, with increasing drought stress, the amount of proline had a rising trend at two stages. Also, the highest amount was recorded in ecotype Mashhad under 40% FC treatment at stage of stem elongation. In both ecotypes, the highest activity of malondialdehyde was observed in 40% FC treatment at seedling stage (11.9 and 11.4 nmol g-1 FW, respectively). In the ecotype of Mashhad and Tehran, with increasing drought stress from 80 to 40% FC at stage of stem elongation, the activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme increased, from 49.9 to 1.98, and 1.91 U mg protein, respectively. The activity of ascorbate- peroxidase increased, when plants were under severe drought stress. There was a positive and significant correlation between chlorophyll index and relative water content with total dry weight of the plant. The results of this experiment showed that compared to two ecotypes, Mashhad ecotype compared to Tehran has more tolerance to water shortage.

Considering the effect of salinity stress on the quantitative and qualitative traits of sugar beet genotypes, it seems necessary to study the response of genotypes obtained from breeding programs to salinity stress. For this purpose, 17 full-sib genotypes (derived from sibling crossing) with 7 different tolerant control under two salinity stress (electrical conductivity 17.36 dsm) and without stress conditions, in a completely randomized block design with 3 replicates were studied at Miandoab Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station in 2017. The results showed that salinity increased sugar content, alkalinity coefficient, percent of sugar extracted, molasses sugar, sodium content, potassium content, leaf freshness index and relative water loss and decreased root yield, net sugar yield, sugar yield, leaf area, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, nitrogen, potassium to sodium ratio, syrup purity and Ratio of weight to root volume. Significant differences were observed among genotypes for leaf area, leaf freshness index, relative water content and leaf specific weight. In root and sugar yield, only a significant difference was observed between full-sib genotypes in normal conditions at 1% level. The full-sib 16, 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 10 and controls 18, 23, 24 and 25 had the highest and, full-sibs 11 and 12 had the lowest root yield under normal conditions. As the same way, full-sibs 7, 8, 1 and 10 had the highest and full-sib 6 had the lowest sugar yield.

Low temperature resistance mechanisms are complex during dormancy. Plants can use several biochemical processes to counteract the direct and indirect effects of low temperatures. In order to investigate the seasonal changes of some biochemical compounds in flower buds of three domestic almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) cultivars, a split plots in time experiment was conducted with three replications, in 2017-2018. Experimental treatments included three domestic almond cultivars with different flowering times (ʻMohebʼ, ʻMamaieʼ and ʻRabiʼ, respectively) in region and 5 time periods of 20 days during the endodormancy until after breaking the endodormancy. The results showed that the proline amino acids accumulation increased during endodormancy and endodormancy release in cultivars, and ʻMohebʼ cultivar had lower proline content (10.55 µmol g-1 FW) compared to the ʻMamaieʼ and ʻRabiʼ (15.25 and 15.04 µmol g-1 FW, respectively). At the beginning of the experiment, the maximum starch content was observed before the cold accumulation in the studied cultivars (ʻMohebʼ, ʻMamaieʼ and ʻRabiʼ: 19.99, 19.08 and 21.39 mg g-1 FW, respectively), but it showed a decreasing trend in all three cultivars with the progress of the dormancy and the increase in the chill unit accumulation (ʻMohebʼ, ʻMamaieʼ and ʻRabiʼ: 15.33, 8.73 and 14.69 mg g-1 FW, respectively). Total phenols and flavonoids with 15.21 and 1.77 mg g-1 FW, respectively increased during the dormancy and approaching to dormancy release in all cultivars. The results showed a clear and positive relationship between proline amino acid and nonenzymatic antioxidant compounds at low temperature. Also, different cultivars of a species showed different responses during the dormancy. As a result, it is important to consider biochemical changes during the dormancy periods in the selection of resistant and cold-sensitive almonds to spring frost.

Recent droughts, in addition to creating drought stress, have caused the phenomenon of aerosols, especially in the west of the country. The effect of drought stress and aerosols on the physiological characteristics of soybean (Glysin max L.) Kosar cultivar was investigated in an experiment based on a randomized complete block design as split plots with 4 replications in summer cultivation for two years. Drought stress through irrigation after 60 (optimal irrigation), 90 and 120 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan as the main factor and spraying of aerosols in three levels of non-application (control) and application of 50 and 100 mg in cubic meters of air were placed in subplots as simulations. The results showed that severe drought stress significantly reduced the amount of chlorophylls a and b, catalase of shoots and roots. The amount of light of the canopy floor and the relative water content of the flag leaf (from 89 to 70%), plant height, yield components and grain yield (from 2653 to 1167 kg per hectare) compared to the control treatment, but soluble sugars, proline content, shoot and root peroxidase and leaf temperature (from 18.4 to 27.6 °C) increased significantly. Although the effect of aerosols on any of the traits was not significant, but with increasing the concentration of aerosols, grain yield decreased linearly and proline content increased linearly. Overall, it was found that drought stress significantly reduced soybean production, but low aerosols settling on soybean leaves did not cause serious damage to the plant photosynthetic system and ultimately seed production due to leaves waxy nature.

In order to study the effect of melatonin foliar application on photosynthetic pigments’ composition, phenolic compounds and soluble sugars on plants grown from different seed quality of safflower under water deficit condition, two field trials were conducted at Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran in 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. The experimantal design was split-factorial randomized complete block design with four replicates. The treatments consisted of two levels of drought stress (1- normal irrigation (no-stress) and 2- irrigation after reaching 85% of soil moisture depletion of field capacity at flowering stage (drought stress)) were randomized to the main plots. Subplots were 4 treatments in number and consisted of a factorial combination of seed quality (1-stored seed and 2-recently harvested seeds) and foliar application (1-control (distilled water foliar application) and, 2- melatonin foliar application at 0.2 Mm concentration). The results showed that plant grown from recently harvested seed positively response to melatonin foliar application and this led to increase in chlrophyll a content by 33.33 % in comparison with control (distilled water foliar application). Also the results indicated that melatonin foliar application was successful to increase the flavonoids content only under non-stress condition over two seed quality treatments but on the contraty decreased flavonoids content under water deficit condition. The results demonstrated that melatonin foliar application decreased soluble sugars over both water deficit treatments. It’s seems that melatonin foliar application ameliorated the severity of stress because of its antioxidative charachteristic and provide an unstressed environment for plant so that there is no need to increase the level of metabolites that usually increased under drought condtition.

This experiment was conducted as factorial split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications for two years (2015-2016 and 2016-2017) in Karaj region. Irrigation includes regular irrigation (irrigation after 80 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) and irrigation-off from the silique stage onwards in the main plots and planting date including the 5th of October and the 5th of November and rapeseed cultivars including Tasillo, Elvis, Neptune And okapi (control) were factorially divided into subplots.Based on the results, the highest amount of chlorophyll in both planting dates (October 5 and November 5) with values ​​of 1.59 and 1.88 mg / g fresh leaf weight and in normal irrigation conditions were assigned to Elvis cultivar. . The results showed that irrigation-off increased leaf proline and ion leakage of the studied cultivars while the relative leaf water content decreased. Elvis cultivar had the highest grain yield in earlier planting date (October 5) and in normal irrigation with an average of 3346.67 kg / ha.The highest percentage and yield of oil were 45% and 1349 kg of Elvis cultivar in the first year, respectively, in normal irrigation conditions, and the lowest amount of these traits was obtained from Tasilo cultivar in the irrigation-off on the 5th of October. The highest amounts of linolenic acid, static acid, rosaric acid and grain glucosinolate were 5.9, 3.36, 0.34, 32.78%, respectively in irrigation-off conditions and later planting date (November 25). Elvis cultivar was superior to other cultivars in terms of chlorophyll content, higher percentage of oil and fatty acids and less grain glucosinolate, which are considered as important and useful criteria for tolerance to dehydration stress of rapeseed.

In this research the effects of organic and chemical fertilizers on essential oil content and composition of lemon balm were investigated. This research was conducted in completely block randomized design with 4 replications in 2019 and 2020. Treatments were organic fertilizers (from source of horse, sheep, cow, hen and vermicompost) and complete chemical fertilizer of NPK (20-20-20). The most essential oil content was observed in chemical fertilizer that was the same group with vermicompost and organic fertilizer from source of hen. The most of essential oil composition were myrcene, phellandrene, linalool, limonen, cis-beta ocimene, citronellal, iso-menthone, nerol, citronellol, neral, geraniol, geranial, geranyl acetate, e-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide. Citronellal, citronellol and geranyl acetate that are classified as non cyclic monoterpene, made more than 60% of essential oil content in all of treatments. In two years observed that the most significant correlation indexes were between essential oil content with linalool, limonen, citronellol, geranial and geranyl acetate. It seems that organic fertilizers increased the nutrient uptake and assimilation and consequently the amount and components of essential oil of the plant increased.

One of the most important problems in arid and semi-arid regions is the salinity of water and soil. poplars, which are native to Iran, are found in many climates. In crossbreeding programs, the transfer of salinity traits and resistance to salinity stress from P.euphratica, and on the other hand, the transfer of good quality trait form of the trunk and high growth of spruce, bruised are special importance. For this purpose  this study was conducted to evaluate the rate of resistance to salinity stress and growth of four poplar colonies (Populus alba 58.57, Populus alba 44.9, Populus euphratica, P. euphratica x P. alba 44/9) in the form of complete randomized block design with three replications and was performed for 3 years in Rudasht salinity research station. For this purpose, P.euphratica, P.alba and Hybrid of P.euphratica trees were cut down and planted. The physiological characteristics of the leaf, including proline, sugar, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid, total protein, peroxidase value and relative moisture content were measured according to standard methods. The results of the physiological characteristics of the leaf showed that poplar colonies had significant differences in terms of proline, total protein and relative humidity percentage but carotenoids, chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a / b ratio did not show a statistically significant difference. However, the highest amount of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll was obtained in the leaf of hybrid clone. However, the highest amount of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll in the leaf was related to hybrid clone and were equal to 0.76, 0.36 and 1.12 mgg-1 dry matter, respectively. Growth characteristics of seedlings including living percentage, diameter, height, leaf area, leaf thickness, leaf area and leaf dry matter percentage were also measured. The results of analysis of variance of vegetative characteristics of poplar colonies showed that the coefficients of percentage of survival, diameter and height are statistically significant at the level of 5%. The average comparison test showed that P.euphratica with 93% and Colon Hybrid with 85% had the highest survival rate compared to bruised colonies. In addition, P.euphratica species with a diameter growth of 3.8 cm and a height of 160 cm had the highest amount of vegetative growth. In general, according to the vegetative and physiological characteristics of seedlings, Pede species and hybrid clone can be recommended under salinity stress.